基于氧同位素的玉米农田蒸散发估算和区分

农田蒸散发(evapotranspiration,ET)的估算和区分是土壤-植物-大气连续体中的重要研究内容,是农业水资源高效利用的重要基础。该研究分析了土壤水、蒸发水汽、蒸腾水汽和大气背景混合水汽氧同位素组成分布特征,并采用2种同位素的方法对玉米农田蒸散发进行估算和区分:1)结合Keeling plot和Craig-Gordon模型的同位素方法(Iso-CG);2)基于土壤水同位素守恒和水量平衡的方法(Iso-WB)。结果表明,在玉米生育期内Iso-WB方法与Iso-CG方法所计算的玉米蒸腾比例分别为0.64~0.91和0.52~0.91,平均值分别为0.80和0.78。玉米蒸散发总量在前期、中期和后期均值分别为3.95、5.30和4.98 mm/d。通过比较参数并与前人研究结果对比分析,表明采用Iso-CG方法估算区分ET相对精确,采用Iso-WB方法计算蒸散发要求的测量精度相对较高,计算误差较大。该研究成果不仅为玉米农田制定灌溉制度及提高用水效率提供了理论依据,而且对深入探索氧同位素水文学领域具有重要意义。     

纳米氧化锌和纳米二氧化钛对尾草履虫急性毒性效应的比较研究

[目的][方法] 本研究以原生动物尾草履虫（Paramecium caudatum）为实验对象, 对目前广泛应用的两种纳米材料，纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）和纳米氧化锌（ZnO）的24小时急性毒性进行了比较研究，分析了草履虫在两种纳米材料胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的改变，并结合两种纳米材料的超微形态，探讨了纳米材料毒性效应的机制，为两种纳米材料的环境毒性监测与评价提供依据。[结果]结果显示：对尾草履虫的24小时半数效应浓度(24h-EC50)分别为51.580mg·L-1（TiO2）、0.444mg·L-1（ZnO）；最低有影响浓度(24h-LOEC)分别为1.712mg·L-1（TiO2）、0.352mg·L-1（ZnO）；以EC50浓度24小时胁迫尾草履虫，获得抗氧化酶活性改变为：超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)，过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性与对照组相比有不同程度的改变，经成对检验分析，两种纳米材料对尾草履虫的POD酶表现出较为明显的抑制作用。[结论]上述结果表明：纳米氧化锌对草履虫的24小时急性毒性大于纳米二氧化钛，这与纳米氧化锌对草履虫抗氧化酶的抑制作用更强，以及纳米氧化锌(30nm)的超微形态相较于纳米二氧化钛(25nm)更加纤细和尖锐有关；本研究获得的24小时急性毒性指标可用于监测和评价两种纳米材料的环境毒性，并为纳米材料的环境容量和生态安全阈值确定提供参考。     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

结石通片对小鼠的急性毒性试验及其对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石的作用研究

[目的] 研究结石通片对小鼠的急性毒性作用,对健康大鼠的利尿作用,以及对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石的调节作用。[方法] 取ICR小鼠40只,雌、雄各半,随机分为对照组与给药组,每组20只,观察结石通片给药前后小鼠的体重变化和死亡情况;另取SD大鼠36只,雌、雄各半,分为对照组、低剂量组（给予5%结石通片溶液）和高剂量组（给予10%结石通片溶液）,统计各组大鼠24 h排尿量;并采用42只雄性SD大鼠,考查结石通片对给予乙二酰胺（2%掺喂）后大鼠体重、肾重和肾重比的影响。[结果] 给予结石通片溶液后,连续观察7 d,小鼠的各项生理活动未见明显异常,给药组与对照组相比体重差异不显著（P>0.05）;与对照组比较,给予结石通片溶液后大鼠24 h内排尿量明显增加（P<0.01）;与对照组比较,给药组随着给药剂量的增加,结晶和结石的数量极显著（P<0.01或P<0.001）减少,形成结石的动物数量极显著（P<0.01或P<0.001）减少。[结论] 结石通片对小鼠无明显急性毒性作用,对大鼠利尿作用明显,并对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石具有明显抑制作用。     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

Overload of ferric ammonium citrate triggers MAPK pathways by producing high level of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis of human hFOB1.19 osteoblast cells

AIM：To investigate the role of reative oxygen species (ROS) generated by iron overload in activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and apoptosis. METHODS：Cultured human osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 was treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) at concentrations of 0~500 μmoL/L. The proliferation of hFOB1.19 cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining. The expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 were determined by Western blotting 24 h after treatment with FAC. RESULTS：After treated with FAC, the cell proliferation was inhibited. The early apoptosis and total cell death were significantly increased. The levels of ROS were increased to (35.73±2.52)%, (62.89±4.24)% and (76.06±3.55)% with the increasing doses of FAC treatmen,respectively. The expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 were also remarkably elevated in FAC groups. CONCLUSION：Iron overload increases intracellular ROS level, thus triggering the MAPK pathways and inducing apoptosis of human hFOB1.19 osteoblast cells.     

An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day⁻¹, with metabolic body weight = body weight^0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.     

Time-course comparison of pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of four different nickel oxide nanoparticles in male Fischer rats

Occupational exposure to nickel oxide (NiO) is an important cause of respiratory tract cancer. Toxicity is known to be associated with the dissociated component, i.e. nickel (II) ions. To address the relationship between physicochemical properties, including solubility in artificial lysosomal fluid, of NiO and time-course changes in the pulmonary response, we conducted an intratracheal instillation study in male Fischer rats using four different well-characterized NiO products, US3352 (NiO A), NovaWireNi01 (NiO B), I small particle (NiO C), and 637130 (NiO D). The NiOs were suspended in purified water and instilled once intratracheally into male F344 rats (12 weeks old) at 0 (vehicle control), 0.67, 2, and 6 mg/kg body weight. The animals were euthanized on days 3, 28, or 91 after instillation, and blood analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) testing, and histopathological examination were performed. The most soluble product, NiO B, caused the most severe systemic toxicity, leading to a high mortality rate, but the response was transient and surviving animals recovered. The second-most-soluble material, NiO D, and the third, NiO A, caused evident pulmonary inflammation, and the responses persisted for at least 91 days with collagen proliferation. In contrast, NiO C induced barely detectable inflammation in the BALF examination, and no marked changes were noted on histopathology. These results indicate that the early phase toxic potential of NiO products, but not the persistence of pulmonary inflammation, is associated with their solubility.